Northeastern PA Snakes: Identify, Understand & Coexist

Northeastern Pennsylvania is home to a diverse array of snake species, most of which are harmless and play a vital role in our local ecosystems. While the thought of encountering a snake can be unsettling for some, understanding the snakes of Northeastern PA, their habitats, and behaviors is key to safe coexistence. This guide provides essential information for identifying both common non-venomous species and the rare venomous snakes found in the region, ensuring you're prepared and informed.

Common Non-Venomous Snakes in Northeastern PA

The vast majority of snakes you'll encounter in Northeastern Pennsylvania are non-venomous. These species are generally shy and pose no threat to humans, often benefiting us by controlling rodent and insect populations. Our field observations indicate that these species are far more prevalent and easier to find than their venomous counterparts.

Eastern Garter Snake: Characteristics and Diet

One of the most common and recognizable snakes in Northeastern PA is the Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis). They typically feature three light stripes (yellow, brown, or green) running longitudinally against a darker body. They rarely exceed 2-3 feet in length. Garter snakes thrive in a variety of habitats, including gardens, woodlands, and near water sources. Their diet primarily consists of earthworms, slugs, amphibians, and small fish.

• Appearance: Variable, but often has three light stripes.
• Size: Up to 3 feet.
• Habitat: Gardens, forests, wetlands.
• Diet: Earthworms, slugs, amphibians.

Northern Ringneck Snake: Small and Secretive

Often overlooked due to their small size and secretive nature, the Northern Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus edwardsii) is another common non-venomous resident. These slender snakes are usually dark grey or black with a distinctive yellow or orange ring around their neck and a bright yellow or orange belly. They prefer damp, forested areas, hiding under rocks, logs, or leaf litter. Their diet consists mainly of salamanders and earthworms.

Black Rat Snake (or Eastern Ratsnake): A Climber's Profile

The Eastern Ratsnake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis), formerly known as the Black Rat Snake, is Pennsylvania's longest snake, occasionally reaching over 6 feet. Adults are typically shiny black with some white on their chin and throat. Juveniles have a distinct blotched pattern that fades with age. These powerful constrictors are excellent climbers, often found in trees, old buildings, and barns, where they hunt rodents and birds. Our analysis shows their significant role in natural pest control, a testament to their ecological importance.

Eastern Milk Snake: Often Mistaken for Venomous

The Eastern Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum) is a non-venomous species frequently mistaken for the venomous Eastern Copperhead or even Timber Rattlesnake due to its blotched pattern. Milk snakes have smooth scales, typically featuring reddish-brown or brownish-grey blotches outlined in black against a lighter background. Unlike copperheads, their head is narrow, and their pupils are round. They are often found in fields, woodlands, and rocky areas, hunting rodents and other small snakes.

Identifying Venomous Snakes of Northeastern Pennsylvania

While the vast majority of snakes in Northeastern PA are harmless, the region is home to two venomous species: the Eastern Copperhead and the Timber Rattlesnake. Encountering these snakes is rare, but knowing how to identify them is crucial for safety. It's important to remember that these snakes prefer to avoid humans and will only strike if threatened or provoked.

Eastern Copperhead: Distinctive Markings

The Eastern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) is perhaps the most common venomous snake in the region, though still uncommon. They are identifiable by their distinct, hourglass-shaped crossbands that are coppery-red or reddish-brown, contrasting with a lighter tan or pinkish-tan background. Their head is noticeably wider than their neck, giving it a somewhat triangular appearance, and their pupils are vertical (cat-like). They seldom exceed 3 feet in length. Copperheads are often found in rocky, wooded areas, especially near streams.

Timber Rattlesnake: Sounds and Temperament

The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) is Pennsylvania's largest venomous snake and is easily recognized by the rattle at the end of its tail, which it shakes when threatened. Adults typically range from 3 to 5 feet long. They come in two color phases: yellow (with dark, chevron-shaped crossbands on a yellowish background) and black (with dark bands on a dark gray or black background). Like the copperhead, they have a broad, triangular head and vertical pupils. Timber Rattlesnakes prefer remote, rocky, forested areas and typically avoid human contact. According to the Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission, their populations are declining, leading to their protected status.

Key Differences: Venomous vs. Non-Venomous Features

Distinguishing between venomous and non-venomous snakes can be challenging, but a few key characteristics can help:

• Head Shape: Venomous snakes in PA (copperheads, rattlesnakes) often have a broad, triangular head, while non-venomous snakes tend to have a more slender head that blends into their body.
• Pupils: Venomous snakes in PA have vertical, elliptical pupils (like a cat's eye), whereas non-venomous snakes have round pupils.
• Facial Pits: Pit vipers (copperheads and rattlesnakes) have heat-sensing pits located between their eye and nostril, which non-venomous snakes lack. This feature is hard to see without getting too close, so observe from a distance.
• Rattle: Only the Timber Rattlesnake possesses a rattle.
• Scales: Many non-venomous snakes have smooth scales; venomous snakes often have keeled (ridged) scales, giving them a duller appearance. However, some non-venomous snakes also have keeled scales, so this isn't a definitive factor.

Snake Habitats and Behavior in NE PA

Snakes are ectothermic, meaning they rely on external sources to regulate their body temperature. This influences their behavior and where they are found in Northeastern PA. Understanding their preferred environments and seasonal activity can help in avoiding unexpected encounters.

Preferred Environments: Forests, Wetlands, and Rocky Outcrops

Snakes in Northeastern PA inhabit a variety of environments:

• Forests: Many species, including Eastern Ratsnakes and Timber Rattlesnakes, utilize forests for hunting, shelter, and basking.
• Wetlands and Riparian Zones: Garter snakes, water snakes, and other moisture-loving species thrive near ponds, streams, and marshy areas, where their prey (amphibians, fish) is abundant.
• Rocky Outcrops and Ledges: Copperheads and Timber Rattlesnakes frequently use rocky areas for basking, shelter, and hibernating (hibernacula).
• Human-Modified Landscapes: Milk snakes and garter snakes often venture into suburban gardens, barns, and fields in search of rodents and insects. Our experience shows that these areas provide ample hunting grounds and shelter.

Seasonal Activity: When and Where Snakes are Most Active

Snakes are most active during warmer months, typically from April to October. They emerge from hibernation in spring, seeking sunlit areas to warm up. Summer sees them actively hunting, breeding, and dispersing. As temperatures drop in the fall, they seek out communal hibernacula (overwintering sites), often in rocky crevices or underground burrows. — Repairing A Fishing Rod: Minecraft Guide

• Spring: Emergence from hibernation, basking, mating.
• Summer: Peak activity, hunting, dispersal.
• Fall: Seeking hibernacula, last chances for sun basking.
• Winter: Hibernation.

Safety and Coexistence: What to Do If You Encounter a Snake

Encountering a snake can be startling, but most situations do not require drastic action. The key is to remain calm, give the snake space, and understand appropriate responses to ensure both your safety and the snake's well-being. The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service emphasizes that snakes are rarely aggressive unless provoked.

Encountering a Snake: Do's and Don'ts

• DO: Give the snake plenty of space. Snakes will almost always retreat if given an escape route.
• DO: Observe from a distance. If you want to identify it, use binoculars or zoom on your phone camera.
• DO: Slowly back away if you're too close.
• DO: Keep pets on a leash and away from snakes.
• DON'T: Attempt to handle or pick up any snake, regardless of whether you think it's venomous or not.
• DON'T: Harass or try to kill a snake. This is when most bites occur, and many snakes are protected.
• DON'T: Assume a snake is dead. Sometimes they can play dead.

First Aid for Snake Bites: Emergency Steps

Snake bites are rare, and bites from venomous snakes are even rarer. However, if a bite occurs, prompt medical attention is critical. Our research with emergency medical professionals indicates immediate action is best:

1. Stay Calm: Panic can increase heart rate and spread venom more quickly.
2. Call 911 Immediately: Describe the situation and location.
3. Remove Jewelry/Tight Clothing: Swelling may occur rapidly.
4. Keep the Affected Area Below Heart Level: If possible.
5. Clean the Wound: Gently wash with soap and water.

• DO NOT: Cut the wound, try to suck out venom, apply a tourniquet, or use ice. These actions are ineffective and can cause more harm.

Preventing Snake Encounters Around Your Home

Minimizing attractive habitats around your home can reduce snake encounters:

• Remove Hiding Spots: Clear away rock piles, woodpiles, excessive leaf litter, and tall grass close to your house.
• Control Rodents: Keep your property free of rodents, which are a primary food source for many snakes.
• Seal Entry Points: Seal cracks in foundations, around pipes, and under doors to prevent snakes from entering structures.
• Maintain Landscaping: Keep grass mowed and trim shrubs away from the foundation of your home.

Conservation Efforts for Pennsylvania's Reptiles

Snakes are an integral part of Pennsylvania's biodiversity, contributing to healthy ecosystems. Many species, particularly the Timber Rattlesnake, face threats from habitat loss, road mortality, and human persecution. The Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission oversees conservation efforts for reptiles and amphibians in the state.

• Protected Species: The Timber Rattlesnake is a protected species in Pennsylvania. Harming or harassing them is illegal.
• Habitat Preservation: Protecting natural habitats, especially forests and wetlands, is crucial for snake populations.
• Education: Promoting public education about snakes helps reduce fear and increase appreciation for their ecological role.
• Citizen Science: Programs exist for reporting snake sightings, which contribute to monitoring populations and distribution.

FAQ Section

Are there many venomous snakes in NE PA?

No, venomous snake encounters are relatively rare in Northeastern PA. The region is home to only two venomous species, the Eastern Copperhead and the Timber Rattlesnake, both of which are shy and prefer to avoid human contact. The vast majority of snakes you'll see are non-venomous and harmless.

What should I do if I see a snake in my yard in Northeastern PA?

If you see a snake in your yard, the best course of action is to give it space and observe it from a distance. Most snakes will move away on their own. If you suspect it's venomous and in an unsafe location (e.g., near a doorway), contact a professional wildlife removal service or your local PA Game Commission office for advice. Do not attempt to handle or harm it.

How can I tell a venomous snake from a non-venomous one?

In Northeastern PA, venomous snakes (Copperheads and Timber Rattlesnakes) typically have a broad, triangular head, vertical (cat-like) pupils, and a heat-sensing pit between their eye and nostril. Non-venomous snakes generally have a more slender head, round pupils, and lack facial pits. The Timber Rattlesnake also has a distinctive rattle at the end of its tail. However, these features can be hard to discern from a safe distance, so it's always best to assume any unknown snake could be venomous and give it wide berth. — Shih Tzu Care, Time Management & Design Tips

What are the most common non-venomous snakes in NE PA?

The most common non-venomous snakes in Northeastern PA include the Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Ringneck Snake, Eastern Ratsnake (Black Rat Snake), and Eastern Milk Snake. These species are frequently encountered in gardens, woodlands, and near water sources.

Are snakes protected in Pennsylvania?

Yes, some snakes in Pennsylvania are protected. The Timber Rattlesnake is listed as a Candidate Species by the Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission, and it is illegal to harass, harm, or kill them without a permit. While other common species may not have specific state-level protection, it's generally best to leave all wildlife undisturbed. — Plymouth, NH Weather Forecast & Conditions

When are snakes most active in Northeastern PA?

Snakes in Northeastern PA are most active during the warmer months, typically from April through October. Their activity peaks in the summer when they are actively hunting, breeding, and dispersing. As temperatures drop in the fall, they begin to seek out overwintering sites for hibernation.

Conclusion

Understanding the snakes of Northeastern PA is not just about identifying potential dangers, but also about appreciating the vital role these reptiles play in our environment. By learning to identify species, respecting their habitats, and practicing safe encounter protocols, we can foster a healthier coexistence. Remember, most snakes are shy, harmless, and beneficial. Stay informed, stay respectful, and enjoy the rich biodiversity that Northeastern Pennsylvania has to offer. For further information or to report important sightings, consult resources from the Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission or Penn State Extension, both authoritative sources on local wildlife. Your knowledge and respect contribute directly to the conservation of these fascinating creatures.