Subordinate Clause: Definition, Types, And Examples

Introduction

A subordinate clause, also known as a dependent clause, is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. Unlike independent clauses, subordinate clauses cannot stand alone as a sentence. Instead, they rely on an independent clause to form a complete sentence. In this guide, we will delve into the definition, types, functions, and examples of subordinate clauses, providing you with a thorough understanding of this essential grammatical concept.

What is a Subordinate Clause?

A subordinate clause is a clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It begins with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun, which connects it to an independent clause. The combination of a subordinate clause and an independent clause forms a complex sentence.

Key Characteristics of Subordinate Clauses

• Subject and Verb: Like all clauses, a subordinate clause contains both a subject and a verb.
• Subordinating Conjunction or Relative Pronoun: It begins with a word that connects it to the main clause.
• Incomplete Thought: It does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Types of Subordinate Clauses

Subordinate clauses can be categorized into three main types based on their function within the sentence: noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses.

Noun Clauses

A noun clause functions as a noun in the sentence. It can act as a subject, object, complement, or appositive. Noun clauses often begin with words such as that, what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, when, where, why, and how.

Examples of Noun Clauses

• Subject: What she said surprised everyone.
• Object: I don’t know what he wants.
• Complement: The question is how we can solve this problem.
• Appositive: My belief, that honesty is the best policy, guides my actions.

Adjective Clauses

An adjective clause, also known as a relative clause, modifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause. It provides additional information about the noun or pronoun it modifies. Adjective clauses typically begin with relative pronouns such as who, whom, which, that, or relative adverbs such as where, when, why. — United Talent Agency Phone Number: Get In Touch

Examples of Adjective Clauses

• The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
• The man who is standing over there is my uncle.
• This is the house where I grew up.

Adverb Clauses

An adverb clause modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb in the main clause. It provides information about time, place, reason, manner, condition, concession, or purpose. Adverb clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, where, while.

Examples of Adverb Clauses

• Because it was raining, we stayed inside.
• I will call you when I arrive.
• If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

Functions of Subordinate Clauses

Subordinate clauses perform various functions within a sentence, depending on their type and the role they play in relation to the main clause.

Noun Clause Functions

• Subject: Noun clauses can act as the subject of a sentence.
  • Example: What he said made her angry.
• Object: They can serve as the direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition.
  • Example (Direct Object): She didn’t understand what he meant.
  • Example (Indirect Object): I will give whoever finishes first a prize.
  • Example (Object of a Preposition): We are interested in what you have to say.
• Complement: Noun clauses can act as a subject complement or an object complement.
  • Example (Subject Complement): The problem is that we don’t have enough time.
  • Example (Object Complement): They made him what he is today.
• Appositive: Noun clauses can provide additional information about a noun or pronoun.
  • Example: His excuse, that he missed the bus, was not believable.

Adjective Clause Functions

• Modifying Nouns: Adjective clauses modify nouns or pronouns, providing essential or nonessential information.
  • Example (Essential): The car that he bought is very fast.
  • Example (Nonessential): My brother, who lives in New York, is a doctor.

Adverb Clause Functions

• Time: Adverb clauses of time indicate when an action takes place.
  • Example: Before you leave, make sure to turn off the lights.
• Place: Adverb clauses of place specify where an action occurs.
  • Example: You can sit wherever you like.
• Reason: Adverb clauses of reason explain why an action is performed.
  • Example: Because she was tired, she went to bed early.
• Manner: Adverb clauses of manner describe how an action is done.
  • Example: He spoke as if he knew everything.
• Condition: Adverb clauses of condition state the circumstances under which an action will occur.
  • Example: If it rains, we will stay home.
• Concession: Adverb clauses of concession present a contrast or unexpected circumstance.
  • Example: Although it was cold, we went for a walk.
• Purpose: Adverb clauses of purpose indicate the intention behind an action.
  • Example: He studies hard so that he can get good grades.

Examples of Subordinate Clauses in Sentences

To further illustrate the use of subordinate clauses, let’s look at more examples:

1. After the rain stopped, we went for a hike.
2. The book that she recommended was excellent.
3. I don’t know what he wants for his birthday.
4. Because he was late, he missed the meeting.
5. The city where I grew up is very different now.
6. She will call you when she is ready.
7. If you need help, just ask.
8. My belief, that hard work pays off, has always guided me.
9. We went to the restaurant where we first met.
10. What you said is not true.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

When using subordinate clauses, it's important to avoid common errors that can affect the clarity and correctness of your writing.

Misplaced or Dangling Modifiers

Ensure that adjective and adverb clauses are placed close to the words they modify to avoid confusion.

• Incorrect: Walking down the street, the building looked impressive.
• Correct: As I was walking down the street, the building looked impressive.

Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences

Do not join an independent clause and a subordinate clause with only a comma. Use a subordinating conjunction, relative pronoun, or appropriate punctuation.

• Incorrect: The movie was interesting, I enjoyed it very much.
• Correct: Because the movie was interesting, I enjoyed it very much.

Subject-Verb Agreement

Ensure that the verb in the subordinate clause agrees with its subject.

• Incorrect: What they says is not important.
• Correct: What they say is not important.

How to Identify Subordinate Clauses

Identifying subordinate clauses involves looking for key indicators within a sentence. Here are steps to help you recognize subordinate clauses:

1. Look for Subordinating Conjunctions and Relative Pronouns: Subordinate clauses often begin with words like because, if, when, who, which, that, etc.
2. Identify the Subject and Verb: Ensure the clause contains both a subject and a verb.
3. Check for Incomplete Thought: A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence; it needs an independent clause to complete its meaning.
4. Determine the Function: Decide whether the clause functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

Exercises for Practice

To solidify your understanding of subordinate clauses, try the following exercises:

Exercise 1: Identify the Subordinate Clause

Underline the subordinate clause in each sentence.

1. If it rains, we will stay home.
2. The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
3. I don’t know what he wants.
4. After the rain stopped, we went for a hike.
5. Because she was tired, she went to bed early.

Exercise 2: Classify the Subordinate Clause

Identify the type of subordinate clause (noun, adjective, or adverb) in each sentence.

1. What she said surprised everyone.
2. The man who is standing over there is my uncle.
3. When I arrive, I will call you.
4. This is the house where I grew up.
5. That honesty is the best policy is my belief.

Conclusion

Subordinate clauses are essential components of complex sentences, adding depth and nuance to your writing. By understanding their types, functions, and how to use them correctly, you can improve the clarity and effectiveness of your communication. Whether you are writing an academic paper, a business report, or a personal letter, mastering subordinate clauses will enhance your ability to express complex ideas with precision.

FAQ About Subordinate Clauses

What is the difference between an independent clause and a subordinate clause?

An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence, while a subordinate clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone.

How do I identify a subordinate clause in a sentence?

Look for subordinating conjunctions (e.g., because, if, when) or relative pronouns (e.g., who, which, that) that introduce the clause. Also, ensure the clause has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought.

Can a sentence have multiple subordinate clauses?

Yes, a sentence can have multiple subordinate clauses. These clauses can be of different types (noun, adjective, adverb) and can modify various parts of the main clause.

What is a relative clause? Is it the same as an adjective clause?

A relative clause is another name for an adjective clause. It modifies a noun or pronoun and begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that) or a relative adverb (where, when, why).

What are some common mistakes to avoid when using subordinate clauses?

Common mistakes include misplaced or dangling modifiers, comma splices, run-on sentences, and subject-verb agreement errors. Always ensure your clauses are correctly placed and punctuated. — Vikings Game Tonight: Channel Guide & How To Watch

Why is it important to understand subordinate clauses?

Understanding subordinate clauses is crucial for constructing complex sentences that convey nuanced meanings. It helps improve your writing clarity, coherence, and overall effectiveness.

Where can I find more resources on subordinate clauses?

You can find more resources on subordinate clauses in grammar textbooks, online grammar guides, and educational websites. Many universities and language learning platforms also offer comprehensive materials on this topic. — Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa: The Definitive Shang Tsung